Chiang Kaishek & Mao


 * Sun Yatsen realizes he needs an army
 * Gets Soviet support -> trains army
 * Here a great military leader emerges

Chang Kaishek

 * Northern Expedition -> Leds army up to Beijing and Nanjing
 * Re-nationalizing China -> Ending regionalist rule
 * Nationalists take over

Communism in China

 * Founded in 1921
 * By Literary / Artistic elite
 * There was a Soviet agent in attendance at Founding
 * Pushed Marxist-Leninist angle: Where the people (proletariat) had to be governed by the Party
 * Workers are therefore an important target for Chinese Communism


 * Mao Zedong -> Emerges at this point to talk about the revolutionary potential of the peasants

United Front

 * Nationalist & Communist parties collaborate
 * Common enemies are foreigners and warlords
 * Massacre of workers in Beijing makes this fall apart

The Nanjing Decade 1928 - 1937

 * Nationalist party centered at Nanjing
 * Chiang declares that he will establish a government along the lines of those promised by Sun Yatsen
 * Six years of party tutelage
 * Looks for economic and industrial growth as "progress"
 * Population was largely agrarian -> But reform stressed urban development
 * Had a program for land reform and land re-distribution
 * Programs never really at the center of the government
 * This alienated a bulk of the general population

Jiangxi Soviets

 * After the April Massacre -> Communists expelled from Shanghai and forced into exile
 * From city to desolate mountain setting (Jiangxi)
 * Establish revolutionary base
 * Nationalists continue to attack them, force them to move frequently
 * Mao Zedong emerges as a major leader
 * Founds new interpretation of Marxism using peasants as a revolutionary force
 * Mao does a study of a county to prove financial inequality
 * Reforms to marriage -> Not very practical
 * CCP promises poor men wives -> Forces women to marry these men

The Long March 1934 - 1935

 * Finding a hole in the Nationalist defense, they go on a long march North
 * Through some tough terrain
 * Over the course of the march, Mao becomes the de facto leader
 * 90,000 - 100,000 only 7,000 survive
 * Wind up in Yan'an (Poor North Province)
 * March was really a forced retreat
 * Also gave CCP a heroic event to take pride and solace in

Japanese Moment
"It is more important to get rid of the poision within you, then you go force out the poison outside you"
 * At this impass between the two forces -> Japan tries to come in to take over
 * Believes "Greater East Asian Prosperity Sphere" that Japan will head
 * Manchukuo -> Japanese Manchuria headed by defunct Qing heir
 * Japanese claimed they were going to conquer China, to save it from itself (and restore its heritage)
 * Chiang Kaishek responded by attack CCP


 * CCP decides to produce a second collaboration

Second United Front

 * Chiang Kaishek is captured by warlord, forced to acknowledge a second united front
 * CCP, Warlords, GMD all join forces
 * 1937 -> Nanjing is captured : "Rape of Nanjing"
 * 20,000 - 80,000 Chinese Women were raped
 * 10,000 Chinese killed


 * CCP develop Guerilla War Resistance
 * In 1937 80,000
 * In 1945 900,000


 * CCP 1.5 Million Peasants
 * By 1945, 90 Million Peasants


 * CCP utilized anti-Japanese nationalism
 * Were very respectful and circumspect of local people
 * Established a government that channeled anti-Japanese sentiment into effective labor
 * Allowed people to participate to a larger degree than ever before to speak out.