After the Famine

Prosperity & Conformity

 * Economic boom occurred after the war
 * Those left behind, made more money, moved into better housing, generally more content and healthy
 * Rural diet became mostly "purchased" food
 * Farmers export food
 * Home cooked Irish bacon very widely regarded and exported
 * While the Irish purchased cheap American bacon

Religion & Society

 * Irish Conservative (Tory) Society founded 1853
 * Really successful at tapping into Protestant fear
 * And capitalizing on Irish Catholic dis-enchantment with Liberal party
 * Liberal party distrusted b/c it was in charge during the Famine
 * Conservative party very successful and dominant in politics (55 of 105 seats at one point)


 * Irish Republican Brotherhood
 * AKA "The Fenians"
 * Resurrected Nationalism

Paul Cullen

 * Archbishop of Dublin
 * Originally from a prosperous farming family
 * Began career in Rome
 * Then Archbishop in Armagh
 * Believed Ireland was backwards when it came to religion
 * So he (with Papal approval) goes about dramatically reforming the Catholic
 * Called a Synod in center of Ireland (Thyrles?)
 * To re-affirm cleansing of the church of folk ritual
 * Stresses Irishness and anti-British ness
 * In face of Russel and British politicians who expected collaboration

Impact

 * Expansion of Nuns -> 100 from 1800 / 8000 in 1900
 * General extension of clergy -> Ireland goes from being unable to support domestic clergy needs to exporting of Irish priests

Social Forms

 * High degree of celibacy (not just religious, inspired by the famine as well) -> Low child numbers
 * New type of inheritance provides lots of old bachelors & bachelor's wife
 * Obsession development with keeping money & land for family

Stem Family
 * 1) Father & Wife
 * 2) Heir & heir's wife


 * Fertility within marriage remained very high
 * Most weddings became arranged
 * Marriages outside of arrangements were considered improper but could be accepted


 * Education in Ireland began stressing homemaking
 * OR domestic skills (maid/millworker/nanny) to be done outside of Ireland

Three F's of Land Reform

 * Tenant league represented need for Irish reform


 * 1) Fair Rent
 * 2) Free Sale
 * 3) Fixity of Tenure

1850 -> Pope Pius IX created new heirarchy of Catholic priests in England
 * Catholic archbishop claimed some degree English sovereignty
 * People were upset that there could be a "Archbishop of [PLACE NAME]" which suggested control
 * Irish Brigade were resistance Parliament members to British reactions against Catholicism
 * Independent Irish Parilmentary league formed of these dissenters
 * Became popular in Ireland
 * Briefly incredibly vital and influential
 * Precipitated collapse of British government
 * Irish MP's went "Independent"
 * Eventually re-absorbed into Liberal party

Fenianism: The Irish Republic Brotherhood

 * Grew out of wreckage of 1848
 * James Stevens
 * John O'Mahony
 * Enthusiastic supporter of Young Ireland
 * Hung out in Paris // With failed revolutionaries in Paris
 * Then moved to America and discovered untapped resources of Irish Americans (sentiments of nationalism/willingness to support $)
 * Stephens walked all around Ireland (3000 mile walk)
 * Worked with Phoenix society


 * Stephens used
 * 1) Knowledge of continental party/politics
 * 2) Familiarity with Ireland
 * 3) Access to American funding


 * Fenians hoped the US-Britain would go to war over American Civil War
 * They would use this opportunity to escape and fight for Irish freedom


 * Supposed to be a "secret" group
 * But really wasn't, though it did add a mystique to the individuals


 * Social group with military war games
 * Martial games & martial pursuits already very popular in UK


 * Fenians used death of McManus (McManus Funeral Organization)
 * 6 days of memorializing him


 * Martyrdom & acknowledging heroic attributes of the movement to free Ireland


 * Intensive 1865/1866 Plans laid
 * Revolution promised but not delivered
 * Stephens ousted
 * 1867 -> American soldiers take over look to attack and
 * 1000 Fenians gathered to attack arsenal but plans betrayed
 * TJ Kelly leads this late Fenians
 * 10000 People get involved in Anarchy no distinct plans
 * General Mayhem


 * TJ Kelly are arrested in Manchester -> Escaped by raid of 30 Fenians
 * Three men arrested and hung -> Machester Martyrs
 * Outrage of their deaths saves the movement by making it all work /redeems


 * Founded "The Organization" in March of 1858